conmen

 ORGANISASI PROFESI/ILMIAH

Tahun	Jenis/ Nama Organisasi	Jabatan / jenjang keanggotaan
1990-1996	Musyawarah Guru Program Studi Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia	Anggota
2010- sekarang	International Society for Islamic Philosophy	Pengurus
2010- sekarang	International Society for Atlantis Nusantara Research Project	Pendiri dan Pengurus/Administrator
2010- sekarang	Atlantis Indonesia Face Book Group	Ketua Dewan Penasehat Ahli dan Administrator
2010- sekarang

Saya menyatakan bahwa semua keterangan dalam Curriculum Vitae ini adalah benar dan apabila terdapat
kesalahan, saya bersedia mempertanggungjawabkannya.

.Jakarta, 16 Februari  2012

(Ahmad Yanuana Samantho, S.IP, M.A., M.Ud)

Bayt Al-Hikmah INSTITUTE,

Research and Development Center

Islamic Philosophy, Mysticism, Science and Civilization

(Research and Development Center for Islamic Philosophy, Islamic mysticism, Science & Civilization)

BACKGROUND OF THINKING
1. The collapse of Philosophy in Islamic Tradition
By quoting Prof. thinking. Dr. Mulyadhi Kartanegara, on the collapse of the tradition of Islamic philosophy was a common concern underlying of the establishment of Bayt al-Hikmah:
One time in his life, Abu Hamid al-Ghazali (d. 505/1111) felt the need to revive the religious sciences (naqli) because of the threats that endanger the sciences of rational sciences (‘aqli). Actually, anti-rational sciences have started about two centuries before al-Ghazali by Abu Hasan al-Ash’ari (d. 324/935) to the flow of rational theological Mu’tazilite. Although the movement has succeeded me concerning the position kekhalifaan Mu’tazilite as the official school of the time, but apparently has not managed to minimize the rational philosophical movement, as evidenced by the emergence of two philosophers that is greater than that already existed, al-Farabi (d. 339/950) who known as “al-Mu’allim Al-Tsani,” and Ibn Sina (d. 430 / 1038), “Shaykh al-Rais,” which marks the peak of the philosophy of the Muslim Neoplatonik also known as “Peripatetic.”
As a follower, even one of his main character Asy’ariyah, of course, al-Ghazali felt called to continue the struggle of the founders of his school in the face of or against the dominance of the rational sciences. It’s just that the challenges faced by al-Ghazali was much heavier, because he faced not only a theological system that is based on the dialectical method (jadali), but rather a philosophical system that is more solid because it is based on the method of demonstrati (Burhan).
However, with the genius and sincerity as well as a very methodical way, al-Ghazali successfully answered the challenge well. Accuracy metodologisnya seen for example in the expression: “Do not you criticize something (in this case, philosophy) before mastering the right thing, even if you can outperform expert-expert.” During the roughly two years, al-Ghazali devoted himself to studying philosophy in a systematic , in order to criticize it. It turns out he really master it. Research results that he immortalized in his work, al-Falsifah Maqasid. After he was considered the master of philosophy, before he launched a sharp and telling criticism against the teachings of the philosophers in his work better known al-Falasifah Tahafut.
Critique of philosophy turned out to be very effective. Warning to the Muslims to be careful of some of the teachings (propositions) of the philosophers and pengkafirannya against them and their followers who believe in the eternity of nature, the ignorance of God on juz’iyyat and their rejection of bodily resurrection, it is very very effective arouse resentment in people and even hostility to science, philosophy and other related rational immunization, such as physics, psychology, mathematics, astronomy and so forth. Is effective because after the attack philosophy is never seen, especially in the Sunni world, except with suspicion. Even in some places the study of philosophy is officially banned, and many of the major philosophical works were burned and destroyed. Thus we can conclude that al-Ghazali’s critique of philosophy is very effective and “final,” so that the Sunni parts of the world-where the influence of al-Ghazali was the largest-philosophy can never rise to the present.
Thus, al-Ghazali’s attempt to revive the religious sciences, philosophy after the hatchet job, very successful. With his efforts he was able to raise the degree of religious sciences to a very high level, perhaps even the highest. In the Sunni world he greatly admired, and received his “Hujjat al-Islam” because of his success was. As a result, now “pressure point” the science has rolled from the rational sciences to the religious sciences. Accordingly, he asserted that studying the religious sciences is fardlu Ain, while the rational sciences, fardlu kifayah, meaning no obligation for every Muslim. But unfortunately, al-Ghazali’s success in raising the degree of religious sciences must be redeemed with a premium price, namely sirnanya disciplines of philosophy and its offshoots, and later by a downturn in the rational scientific tradition that accompanies it.
2. Contemporary Philosophical Challenges
Compared with the philosophical challenges faced by al-Ghazali’s about a thousand years ago, philosophical challenges facing Muslims today is far more serious and radical, because while the challenges faced by al-Ghazali came from philosophers who still firmly believe in the supernatural (metaphysical realities), philosophical challenges facing Muslim intellectuals today comes from the philosophers and scientists who have lost faith in things metaphysical. Not enough with that, they also disseminate the views of anti-metaphysical way of attacking them with metaphysical foundations of what he said as illusory and meaningless. Therefore the challenge is far more serious and radical. They no longer provide an unorthodox interpretation of metaphysical reality, but deny them by attacking the ontological status of the metaphysical world itself.
Philosophically the most dangerous challenge to the metaphysical world is caused by “positivism.” According to the positivist view, the only manifestation is a positive real which can be observed through the senses. All beings who are behind the physical world (metaphysical) are only the result of speculation that the human mind has no ontological reality outside of human consciousness. Religious concepts of God, the final day, angels and other supernatural beings-beings are considered nothing more than human creations when they are at the early stage of development. In the next phase, improving human religious concepts by developing systems of philosophical rationality. But the establishment of a terakhirpun, according to them, still based on the illusion of believing in the metaphysical world. The most perfect final stage in human development is achieved at a positive stage in which man finds that the only true reality is the physical world that can be objectively verified-positive. They produce is not a religious belief system, or a rational philosophical system, but knowledge (science) based on sensory observation.
The greater the influence of positivism, and therefore more dangerous as the challenge of philosophical, theological-religious for us-as it gets wide support from scientists in various fields of science, like astronomy, biology, psychology and even sociology. This influence is visible example of the reluctance of many Western scientists to look at the metaphysical entities such as God or angels, as the cause and source for the universe. In their view God has ceased to be anything. He has been a creator, maintainer and regulator of the universe. They prefer to see the universe as a giant machine that runs according to natural law (the law of nature), and explain the nature fenomina accordance with the law than to consider nature as a result of God’s creation.
Positivist views of naturalists like this can easily be found in the works or expressions of Western scientists are big and influential as Pierre de Laplace, Darwin, Freud, and Emile Durkheim. Although not all scientists agree with their views, but their influence in the world of science (science) is still very large and decisive, they are still often regarded as “the Prophets” science. So that their views are still very meaningful as a challenge to the Islamic belief system. Pierre de Laplace (d. 1827), a French astronomer and mathematician, known as the inventor (with Kant) theory of “Big Bang,” did not feel the need to mention a word of God says, when he explained the theory of creation of the universe in his book The Celestial Mechanisme . The reason is because for him God is a hypothesis which is not required in the explanation astronomisnya, or in his own expression: “Je nai besoin de CET hypothesie fit.”
Similarly, Charles Darwin (d. 1882), a famous British naturalist’s theory of evolution, no longer assume that biological beings that exist in nature as God’s creation semsta wise, but solely as a result of the legal mechanisms of natural selection ( natural selection). In his autobiography, Darwin says: “People used to be said that the strongest evidence of the existence of God the Creator is the regularity and harmony with nature. But after the law of natural selection is found we can no longer say that hinges beautiful shells, for example, should be the creation of an agent from outside himself (God), just as we are told that mestilah door hinge is a creation of God. ”
Influence of positivism view is also very evident in Freud’s view of Sigmun (d. 1939), a physician and a pioneer in psychoanalysis. In his book The Future of an Illution, Freud saw religion as an illusion. Eric Fromm, explaining that “For Freud religion derived from human powerlessness in the face of natural forces from outside and from within his imaginative power. Religion emerged in the early stages of human development when he had not yet use their minds to deal with external forces and internal and must suppress or control them with the help of other forces that are effective. So, instead of tackling the forces were with reason, he was overcome with a “counter Affects,” namely, the emotional forces whose function is to suppress and mengandalikan what he can not deal rationally. “Well, if religion is seen as illusion, then surely the religious beliefs of the supernatural (metaphysical realities), like God, angels, spirits and final day, by itself also an illusion. That kind of thing and who put them into the views of Emile Durkheim (d. 1917), a sociologist fiolosof and France. In his works he views religion as a projection of social values, while God is none other than the Society (the Society) itself, and not a metaphysical entity as personal, as we believe.
The attack on the metaphysics will also have an impact on the Islamic epistimilogi system, particularly in relation to the source of knowledge. With the rejection of the metaphysical world, then the only source of knowledge for the positivist pengatahuan is experience, or in other words the senses. They do not believe in other sources, which occupy an important position in Islamic epistemology, namely mind, intuition and revelation. Laplace had said: “I mistrust anything but the direct result of observation and calculation.” So with so they do not believe the revelation and also the “mystical experience” as one source of knowledge. Whereas in epistimologi tradition of Islam, the third source of knowledge is that by Mulla Sadra (d. 1050/1640), a great Muslim philosopher of the seventeenth century, referred to respectively as “Burhan, Irfan and the Koran,” is recognized as a source- legitimate source of knowledge as only the senses.
The positivists, therefore, recognizes only the senses (via observation) as the only legitimate source of knowledge and reliable. Sources of other sciences, such as the revelation and intuition, can not be trusted because it is not grounded in reality but the illusion of human beings. The reason they say it is because the revelation and mystical experience always presupposes the existence of a close relationship with the metaphysical world, so that its validity depends on the status eksisitensi (ontologically) the metaphysical world itself. Once the existence of the world metafisk rejected, then the validity of the sources of science that depend on it will be rejected by itself. Since the revelations and mystical experiences are indeed so, then their validity can only be maintained if we affirm the ontological status of the metaphysical realities. Once the realities of their existence was denied, then the possibility of revelation and mystical experience that propped him by itself rejected and have no logical foundation. Whereas we know what will happen if the revelation (in this case al-Qur’an) declined as a source of legitimate science, then the whole system of beliefs, theological, and philosophical mistiko-Islam will collapse. This is according to me the challenges of contemporary philosophical thinking very seriously of the Western positivist epistimologi system of Islam, to which we as Muslim intellectuals “must” provide a philosophical response comparable, even better and more convincing than their arguments.
Another challenge associated with the positivist attack on metaphysics to impact the building of Islamic ethics, whether religious or philosophical, of course, leaning to some extent on the commandments of God. However, when eksisitensi Lord himself as one of the metaphysical entity is rejected, then the ethical basis of Islam will lose some ground. Freud once said “If the validity of ethical norms rely on God’s commands, then the future ethics will stand or fall with belief in God. And as Freud thought that religious belief is fading, so he pressed to argue that maintaining the relationship of religion with ethics will bring destruction on moral values, top-up terminal itself.
Therefore, the only ethical system which they admit is a humanist ethical systems that rely solely on science and mere human wisdom, rather than on other sources of transcendence. For them, what is called the revelation is nothing else than the result of human thought (in this case the Prophet) only, and not as a beam of divine nature which they reject its existence. Consequently, any values contained in the revelation is viewed not absolute and can not apply at all times, as is believed to be its adherents. Revelation for them as no different than any other human thought and therefore is relative and subject to change in space and time, and therefore can be modified or replaced if the demands of the times require it. This is the positivist view about skriptual ethical values, which, like ordinary philosophical works, and even vulnerable to changes in the total correction.
The same criticisms they direct at the mystical experience and its validity as an ethical bias. The positivists often regard mystical experience as a hallucination. Even it they also addressed the validity of an intellectual experience that supports the metaphysical realities. And all this they do because they have lost faith in the metaphysical nature. For them the only reliable basis for ethics is a science that is based on thorough experience of nature. Freud demanded that ethics is not didasarkaaan on religious beliefs that are “illusory,” but the utilization of human mind.
These are among the challenges faced philosophical Muslim intellectuals today, a challenge-if we contemplate far more radical and serious than the challenges faced by Muslim intellectuals at the time of al-Ghazali. Because of the nature of such challenges, it is our duty as the scholars to try to answer these challenges well, which among others can be helped by reviving the rational sciences which have adorned the Muslim classical repertory but which is now so long been neglected as objects useless things.
3. Reform, Mau Where?
Reform Movement in Indonesia, which has been running 8 years even, to some, are considered still hobbled by the roadside contemporary Indonesian history. Instead of successfully achieve his noble goals, the movement began to lose direction and leaving piles of unresolved crisis and found the solution effectively.
Reform was a little ‘successful’ in opening the tap of freedom (‘liberalization’) in the field of ‘formal politics’, information and culture. But behind the fact that freedom is born of chaos and manipulation of people’s voice, just an increasingly widespread poverty and confusion of the people and the decentralization of capitalist hegemony, oppression, repression and a new tyranny in the name of democracy, decentralization and economic liberalization.
It’s getting a lot of people disappointed and do not believe that the reform movement would work to bring social change and political-economic & cultural significant and meaningful to society, nation and state in Indonesia. Finally, look at the process of legislative elections and presidential elections in 2004, and the conflicts resulting from the violence of the police officers and military personnel and foreign parties hooked mengadudomba and shed the blood of the people, began to have an intellectual figures and former activists that reform will begin to look or predict the likelihood the occurrence of social revolution in Indonesia.
There may be a social revolution that was, if it is a historical necessity, is still in big question mark? Is the revolution would only “eating his own son,” and produces a more violent chaos with no good results? Or will produce a complete and total repair for any crisis of this nation?
Reform or revolution? Both of them will not mean anything and bring good to humanity, without any constituted and driven by the change in philosophical thinking and ideology (worldview) is right. Thinking seriously examine what the major root causes of all the existing crisis, and offer appropriate solutions (effective) and efficient.
Multidimensional crisis in this country is a reality. One root cause is our inability to capture the substance of an issue. How much scientific debate, economic, political and cultural, are only able to peel the skins surface problems. Discussion and discussion that occurs often is ‘banal’ (superficial), atomistic, disaggregated-Sort (partial) and too simplified problem (simplistic). Conversation about democracy, human rights, social justice, economic, and cultural globalization is not uncommon even be counter-productive because it does not tergalinya and terpecahkannya-load cargo into the philosophical assumptions and basic-issue pengerak these issues.
4. Eksitensial crisis, Source Multidimensional Crisis
Six centuries have proclaimed the sovereignty of man himself. With the stems on rationality, humans (in the West) to find her identity through renaissance movement, anthropocentrism philosophy / modern thinking, reform and enlightenment (enlightmen / Aufklarung). With the motto Sapere Aude (befikir own brave!) Man willed autonomous and free from all shackles of authority and tradition (religion & culture). Age Aufklarung 8th century AD is the peak power of optimism and rationalism as a substitute for faith torchbearers welfare of mankind.
Modern man to rebel against the metaphysical or theological way of thinking. Holy heavens dikoyakkan by premature interpretations Copernican cosmology. Transcendental divine knowledge by rationalism and empiricism didesakralisasi. Enchantment of the universe be destroyed by the ‘cogito’ Descartes and Newtonian mechanics. Religion and the church with the pastor dikepinggirkan. Traditional moral values dumped. Ditunding religious norms as the shackles of freedom and autonomy of the subject.
Along with the development of consciousness of modernity was, secularization was as a claims history, and modern human consciousness. Secularization is a process in which men turn away from the “world beyond” (beyond the world) and only focused on the “here and now are” [1]. With the secularization of this, people feel free from the control and commitment to religious values. Secular consciousness is manifested in the separation of religion from the dimensions of life, especially in the sciences, social, economic and political. Religion is only seen as a phenomenon of cultural and human heritage. Religion is only a mere subject of anthropology and history.
Pendulum of human civilization, which leads to rebellion against the religion of modern man kept going. After religion, theology and metaphysics successfully removed from scientific discourse and social life and humanity by making it only as a purely individual affair, the rebellion is directed directly to the heart of religious belief, namely God. Feuerbach mentions that the so-called God is none other than the human ideal is a projection of human values of hope itself, such as knowledge, power and glory. Therefore, Feurbach proposes to abolish and replace it with anthropology theology. Karl Marx mentions God as a character / concept of the capitalist-bourgeois invention to anesthetize the proletariat. Then Nietzsche declared the liberation of the death of God as the pinnacle of human self-sufficiency.
However, not enough to stop there-secularist opposition and harassment against religious atheism. The positifis menvonis religion as a set of meaningless illusion-delusion whatsoever, because they can not logically and scientifically verified. Freud even mention the religious consciousness is the product or the sublimation of sexual libido strivings are not channeled; that religious people are the people who mengindap mental illness.
The needle continues to move history. The 20th century was a time of reaping the storm. Freud’s psychoanalysis was not only insulting religion. Beyond expectations and hopes of modern man, dropping prestige psychoanalysis rationality and consciousness are proud of the autonomy of the subject so far. Freud was strongly influenced by Darwinism announce the results of his research, that most human behavior is driven by mere biological libido, instincts hewaniyah subconscious; that the ratio of human consciousness and played just a bit like a tip of the iceberg in a sea of ice that is the human subconscious . Darwinism and Freudisme has rocked the pillars of faith in modern man to greatness ratio.
Century 20 & 21 are reaping century storm. The New Left (New Left), which was pioneered by the Frankfurt School figures complement the fall of the rationality of modernism. Through a philosophical-sociological analysis and psychoanalysis, they expose the behavior of modern society such as the nature irrasionalitas greed, consumerism, tyranny, hegemony, fascism, tribalism. Horkheimer said today that individual freedom is false, because freedom is only imagined while in reality individuals are unconsciously enslaved by a society driven by market forces and capital. Individuals and modern society driven by capitalist-konsumeristik what is called the “impersonal forces” like the world of advertising (advertising) and entertainment (entertainment), and markets highway (mall), and capital markets. Day-night “impersonal force” that’s fascinating and promising all hope. Modern people fascinated with advertising slogans and entertainment, and are willing to give themselves enslaved by the “impersonal forces” them. Modern man has become robots and small screws social machine could no longer think clearly choose what is actually good for him, based on the nature of consciousness.
As a result, the project of human liberation, initiated by the renaissance, reformation, and Aufklarung has failed, because modern man has been shackled by new myths, new idols, new illusions, superstitions, a new superstition and new gods.
20th century and into the 21st century, reap the storm. The development of science muthakhir any, beyond expectations and hopes of modern man, modern man has undermined the confidence of the scientific understanding of positivism, which so far seems to be the two pillars of their faith. The emergence of modern physics with Einstein’s relativity theory tercetusnya and Quantum Mechanics has broken down the classical mechanics and Newtonian mechanistic paradigm-positivist who has three centuries embraced by modern humans. [2] The universe is a mystery that turned out to save the endless review. Consciousness emerged in modern humans, especially the academics and educated, that they do not know anything about the entire universe and reality; that turned out to man and the universe are interconnected in depth. This awareness is for the educated, modern man’s desire to destroy can bow and exploit nature, as well as any simultaneous nature has rebelled against the arbitrary exploitation of human beings, in the form of air pollution, water and soil, overheating in the global climate and weather, depletion layer ozone. At the level of theory, namely epistemology and cosmology, consciousness of modern man is shaking confidence in science. As a result, the movement developed skepticism and nihilism that no longer have an appreciation of science and also even, against all human knowledge. Modern sophisme generation has been born again. 2500 years humans have retreated back to classical Greek sophisme.
20th century 21st century reap the storm. Science and technology relied on by modern humans to reach happiness apparently turned threatening human existence itself. Has two great world wars occurred with hundreds of millions of human casualties by weapon technology engineering. Variety of sophisticated weapons, ranging from chemical weapons to nuclear bombs, designed to kill many humans, or at least used to threaten and bully other countries, as practiced by the USA and Israel against the countries which did not surrender to the U.S. & Israel that’s presumptuous. Modern humans to see that the development of science and technology did not correlate positively to the welfare of mankind. UN Secretary General Kofi Annan in the UN anniversary last October 24, 1999 mentions that the 20th century as a century, the darkest and harshest in the history of mankind, the century’s most crowded with stories of human suffering. The thinkers and intellectuals would be worrying bijaksanawan emergence of various humanitarian disasters and natural calamities in the coming 21st century. Therefore, Anthony Giddens mentions the present is characterized by uncertainity manufactured, namely the period of uncertainty and lead to high consequence risk. [3]
The story of human suffering find themselves, not yet ended. The crisis of modernism does not stop at the irrationality and moral crisis, an epistemological crisis, ecological crisis and the crisis of violence alone.
But the crisis of modernism, which also hit Indonesia, does not stop only at the epistemological and methodological crisis such as this. More acute, it occurs at the ontological level with respect to the human existential crisis concerning the nature, purpose and meaning in life. Modern man has been thrown into an existential crisis, spiritual emptiness, the legitimacy crisis of meaning and mission of his life, as well as loss of vision and alienated from the universe, God and himself. Albert Camus describes how every human effort to find the essence of who she always meet with failure, so until such a conclusion that life is absurd, have no meaning. Living life is like a man who struggled to climb the mountain without hope will never reach the destination. Camus thus questioning why humans who do not know and had no goal in life is still going to live in this meaningless world. Why men do not kill yourself better?
20th century 21st century reap the storm. After the 6th century mencangkan human sovereignty and declared the death of God himself, the situation is now reversed. Needles history has shaken confidence joints of modern humans; fallen pillars of their faith. Rationality, autonomous subject, anthropocentrism, positivism, science and technology, are now getting ready to fossil debris of civilization. The energy was gone. The spirit has disappeared. Twilight of modern human civilization has been looming in the eyelid. Modern man has died.
Humans have to die? Some of them then make appearances as themselves in the behavior of Cheerful Robot, the man who tried to escape from mental anxiety and existential anxiety with the plunge in their entertainment, sensual pleasures (especially sexual), the consumption of luxury products, take a trip to nearby pleasant place, and busy beratraksi with different games. It was all done unconsciously, and are fully subject to the psychological engineering of the capitalist-imperialist ‘traders pleasure’ [4]. Much longer behaves like a zombie, a zombie who haunt the streets looking for prey; unemotional cold-blooded, anarchist-destructive acts. Much more, especially in educated circles, dealt with existential anxiety abandoning their own existence, namely by taking the attitude of apathy, all skeptical, nihilistic, and if necessary, suicide.
Jalaluddin Grace wrote, “When they get rid of God, they not only alienated from God. They were thrown into the world without knowing where they should go. They lost their way. “[5] As a result of human sovereignty project which was inaugurated by the Renaissance and Aufklarung (reform) have failed, because modern man has been shackled by new myths, new idols, new illusions, superstitions, a new superstition , and the new gods! People have been shackled by his own wild adventures, until the lost and cast from himself, alienated from the universe and of the True Lord.
5. Need Assemble New Civilization
Philosophy, through a rigorous method of thinking, teaching people to examine, discuss and test the validity and accountability of every thought and ideas. In short, it makes all of them can be intellectually and scientifically justified.